Excerpt from Biennial Retrospect of Medicine, Surgery: And Their Allied Sciences, for 1873-74 Section of the spinal cord, just below the medulla, has effect, r is any effect produced by irritating the c liac ganglion or the cervical ganglia of the sympathetic, or the hypoglossal, facial, glosso-pharyngeal, or accessory nerves. On the other hand, movements can be immediately called forth by irritating the pneumogastric, whilst section of the pneumogastric paralyses the sophagus. Hence Mosso maintains that the peristaltic movements of the sophagus originate in some excitation of the fauces, which is carried by sensory nerves to the medulla oblongata. In this there is a reflex centre, which sends forth a series of impulses that cause a succession of co-ordinated movements in the sophagus, following one ather from above downwards. Mosso finds that, if the pneumogastrics be divided the peripherical stump retains for several days its power of exciting contractions in the sophagus - an unusually long period for a nerve to retain its vitality after section - and in like manner the sophagus long remains excitable after death if preserved in a moist chamber (41/2 hours in dogs and 3 hours in cats). Toussaint read a paper on the mechanism of rumination at the meeting of the French Academy for the Advancement of Science. He has taken tracings of it, and regards it as an effect of atmospheric pressure. Stomach. - It is generally held that there are two kinds of glands in the stomach, one chiefly found in the pyloric region, lined throughout by columnar cells, which secrete mucus; the other, occupying the cardiac extremity, and presenting in their deeper parts large gland-cells, by which the pepsin is secreted. The microscopical investigations of Klein, however, seem to show that between the two extreme forms every intermediate variety may be met with. The observations of Grutzner and Ebstein seem to demonstrate the same thing from a physiological point of view. These experimenters placed the stomach of a dog in a current of water for twenty-four hours, and then prepared infusions of different parts with a 0.2 per cent, solution of hydrochloric acid. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art techlogy to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.